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Expand your thinking about rocks! If you are a geologist or a person who has given significant thought to rocks, this article might expand the limits of your thinking. Streams that flow with ethane or methane that erode water ice bedrock and deposit water ice sediments are possible in other parts of our solar system.
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Cobbles Eroded from Water Ice Bedrock
It appears flash flooding has paved streambeds in the Xanadu region of Saturn's moon Titan with thousands of sparkling
crystal balls of ice, according to scientists with NASA's Cassini spacecraft. By analyzing the way the terrain has
scattered radar beams, scientists deduce the spheres measure at least a few centimeters (inches) and maybe up to a
couple of meters (yards) in diameter. The spheres likely originated as part of water-ice bedrock in higher terrain in Xanadu.
"What we believe happened in this area is a lot like what creates polished river rocks on Earth," said Alice Le Gall, a
postdoctoral fellow at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., and the lead author of the study, which used
the Cassini radar instrument. "Bouncing downstream smoothes out the edges of rocks."
It Rains Methane and Ethane Instead of Water
As foothill residents know in southern California and other areas, sudden rains can trigger mudslides and flooding at the
mountainous fringes of desert areas. Those flows can pick up boulders and debris and tumble them downstream. On Titan, the
flows appear to have occurred periodically for eons, on a catastrophic scale. The process on Titan, however, involves rain
made of liquid methane and ethane, rather than Earth's water rain. Titan's rocks are believed to be made primarily of water
ice frozen into a hard mass about minus 180 degrees Celsius (minus 290 degrees Fahrenheit), rather than Earth's mineral rocks.
Signs of Flash Flooding
Earth-like river rocks have already been observed on Titan at the landing site of the European Space Agency's Huygens probe,
near the equator in the borderland between the Adiri and Shangri-la regions. The landing site also showed signs of flash
flooding that deposited cobblestones about 2 to 20 centimeters (1 to 8 inches) in diameter.
But the spidery channels in this southern lowland part of Xanadu looked brighter to Cassini's radar instrument than the Huygens
landing area. In fact, the channels, which were scanned by Cassini in May 2008, are among the brightest features ever seen on
Titan by the radar instrument.
In a paper now available online in the journal Icarus, Le Gall and colleagues concluded that the most plausible explanation for
the extreme brightness of the Xanadu channels was a collection of transparent spherical sediments, packed more tightly together
than the cobblestones at the Huygens landing site. The effect would be similar to bejeweling an area with light-catching rhinestones.
Ammonia Solutions
The spheres appear to be made of water ice - possibly doped with ammonia - that would look bright to the microwaves used by
Cassini's radar. Spheres are good at sending light back in the direction it came from. This property has actually led manufacturers
to use plastic spheres in reflective paints and tape, Le Gall said.
Xanadu may be an especially good gem grinder because of its broad expanse and gentle southward slope. Flows could have traveled
long distances there and tumbled the chunks for hundreds of kilometers (miles). The subtle work to shape them into spheres could
have come from fine grit rubbing against the rocks in the flowing methane. Or, ice may be malleable in Titan's cold temperatures,
deforming plastically during the collisions rather than fracturing. The flows that transported these icy spheres probably traveled
around 1 meter per second (2 mph).
"It's been really hard for a long time for people to understand why Xanadu is so bright," said Steve Wall, a radar team member at
JPL. "You might not expect these kinds of geometries in a natural setting, but we believe this can explain the enigma."
The radar team plans to continue looking for other instances of small, smooth spheres in nature to increase their confidence
about the explanation. They also said more study is needed on the mechanical properties of water ice at such cold temperatures.
Earth-Like Processes on Titan
"Here is yet another example of Titan as a world with Earth-like processes," said Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist
at JPL. "As the seasons change on Titan, maybe we'll get a chance to see methane flow through some of the river channels."
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's
Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The radar
instrument was built by JPL and the Italian Space Agency, working with team members from the United States and several European countries.
For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://www.nasa.gov/cassini and http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov.
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| The left-hand image, obtained by the European Space Agency's Huygens probe, shows rounded rocks from the surface of Saturn's moon Titan. Huygens rode with NASA's Cassini spacecraft to the Saturn system. The right-hand image, taken by 123render (© istockphoto), shows river rocks on Earth. Image Credit: NASA/JPL/ESA/University of Arizona and 123render istockphoto. |
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