Gemstones of the World
Table of Contents
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Preface
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7
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Introduction
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8
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Gemstones and Their Influence
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8
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Terminology
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10
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The Nomenclature of Gemstones
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12
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Origin and Structure of Gemstones
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14
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Crystal Systems
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17
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Properties of Gemstones
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20
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Hardness
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20
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Cleavage and Fracture
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24
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Density and Specific Gravity
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25
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Weights Used in the Gem Trade
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30
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Optical Properties
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31
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Color
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31
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Color of Streak
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32
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Changes in Color
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33
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Refraction of Light
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36
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Double Refraction
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40
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Dispersion
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41
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Absorption Spectra
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44
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Transparency
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48
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Luster
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48
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Pleochroism
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49
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Light and Color Effects
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52
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Luminescence
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55
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Inclusions
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58
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Deposits and Production of Gemstones
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61
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Types of Deposits
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62
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Mining Methods
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64
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Cutting and Polishing of Gems
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68
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Engraving on Stones
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69
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Cutting and Polishing Agate
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70
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Cutting and Polishing Colored Stones
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71
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Cabochon Cutting
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71
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Faceting
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72
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Ball Cutting
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74
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Cylinder Cutting
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75
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Drilling Gemstones
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76
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Cutting and Polishing Diamond
|
77
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Types and Forms of Cut
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79
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Types of Cut
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79
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Forms of Cut
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80
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Classifications of Gemstones
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82
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Scientific Classification
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82
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Commercial Classification
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84
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Value of Gemstones
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85
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Description of Gemstones
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85
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Best-Known Gemstones
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86
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Diamond
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86
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Diamond Occurrences
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88
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Diamond Production
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89
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Diamond Trade
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90
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Valuation of Diamonds
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92
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Famous Diamonds
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94
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Development of the Brilliant Cut
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96
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Corundum Species
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98
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Ruby
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98
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Sapphire
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102
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Beryl Species
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106
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Emerald
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106
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Aquamarine
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110
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Precious Beryl
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112
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Chrysoberyl
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114
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Spinel
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116
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Topaz
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118
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Garnet Group
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120
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Zircon
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124
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Tourmaline Group
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126
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Spodumene Species
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130
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Hiddenite
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130
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Kunzite
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130
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Quartz
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132
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Rock Crystal
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132
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Smoky Quartz
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132
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Amethyst
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134
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Amethyst Quartz
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134
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Citrine
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136
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Prasiolite
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136
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Rose Quartz
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138
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Aventurine
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138
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Prase
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138
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Blue Quartz
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138
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Quartz Cat's-Eye
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140
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Hawk's-Eye
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140
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Tiger's-Eye
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140
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Chalcedony
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142
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Carnelian
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142
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Sard
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142
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Chrysoprase
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144
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Bloodstone
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144
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Dendritic Agate
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146
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Moss Agate
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146
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Agate
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148
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Layer Stones
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158
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Jasper
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162
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Petrified Wood
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164
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Opal Species
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166
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Jade
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170
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Peridot
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174
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Zoisite Species
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176
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Tanzanite
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176
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Thulite
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176
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Anyolite
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176
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Hematite
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178
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Pyrite
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178
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Feldspar Group
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180
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Amazonite
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180
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Moonstone
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180
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Orthoclase
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180
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Labradorite
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182
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Aventurine Feldspar
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182
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Rhodochrosite
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184
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Rhodonite
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184
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Turquoise
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186
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Lapis Lazuli
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188
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Sodalite
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190
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Azurite
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190
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Malachite
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192
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Lesser-Known Gemstones
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194
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Andalusite
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194
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Euclase
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194
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Hambergite
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196
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Iolite
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196
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Phenakite
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196
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Dumortierite
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198
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Danburite
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198
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Axinite
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198
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Benitoite
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200
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Cassiterite
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200
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Epidote
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200
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Idocrase
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202
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Sinhalite
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202
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Kornerupine
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202
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Prehnite
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204
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Petalite
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204
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Scapolite
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204
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Diopside
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206
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Beryllonite
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206
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Brazilianite
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206
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Amblygonite
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208
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Enstatite
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208
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Lazulite
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208
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Dioptase
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210
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Apatite
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210
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Sphene
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210
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Kyanite
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212
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Scheelite
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212
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Variscite
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212
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Fluorite
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214
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Hemimorphite
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214
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Smithsonite
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214
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Sphalerite
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216
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Cerussite
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216
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Chrysocolla
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216
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Serpentine
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218
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Stichtite
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218
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Ulexite
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218
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Tiger's-Eye Matrix
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218
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Gemstones for Collectors
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220
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Rocks as Gemstones
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244
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Onyx Marble
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244
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Tufa
|
244
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Landscape Marble
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244
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Orbicular Diorite
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246
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Obsidian
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246
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Moldavite
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246
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Alabaster
|
248
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Agalmatolite
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248
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Meerschaum
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248
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Fossils
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248
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Organic Gemstones
|
250
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Coral
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250
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Jet
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252
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Cannel Coal
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252
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Ivory
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252
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Odontolite
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252
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Amber
|
254
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Pearl
|
256
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Operculum
|
265
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Mother-of-Pearl
|
265
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Imitation and Synthetic Gemstones
|
266
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Imitations
|
266
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Combined Stones
|
267
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|
Synthetic Gemstones
|
267
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|
Treatment
|
271
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|
Genuineness Test for Diamond
|
274
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New on the Market
|
276
|
Symbolic and Beneficial Gemstones
|
283
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|
Cosmic-Astral Symbolic Stones
|
283
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|
Medicinal Stones
|
287
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|
Bibliography
|
293
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Index
|
312
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