Geology of Gems
by Eugenii Ya. Kievlenko
English Edition
Geology of Gems is the first comprehensive English language publication to place gem deposits into a concise geological and genetic framework which provides an understanding of existing deposits and the environments of their formation. The book is international in scope and covers most major gem deposits, although there is a strong emphasis on former USSR and Russian Federation deposits.
Eighteen chapters are devoted to specific gems (precious corundum, beryl, etc.). Each chapter contains historical and mineralogical data, with discussions regarding chromophores responsible for various varieties. Major gem deposits and districts are described for each country relative to a geological-genetic classification. The text is liberally illustrated with geological and geographic maps, sections (with scales) and other figures, as well as with numerous excellent color photographs.
Very few books have been written about the geology of gem deposits. Any person who wants to be a “gem hunter” will benefit from reading this book. It contains information that is found nowhere else. This English edition is an easy-to-read and geologically accurate translation.
Geology of Gems
|
|
| Forward to the English Edition |
11
|
| Acknowledgements |
12
|
| Foreword |
13
|
| 1. General Data on Gems |
14
|
| 1.1 Classification of Gems |
14
|
| 1.2 Jewels |
18
|
| 1.3 Jewelry-Industrial and Industrial Stones |
32
|
| 1.4 Synthetic Crystals - Substitutes of Natural Gems |
33
|
| 2. Corundum (Ruby and Sapphire) |
38
|
| 2.1 General |
38
|
| 2.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
42
|
| 2.2.1 Magmatic Deposits |
42
|
| Basalt and Alkaline Basalt Extrusions |
43
|
| Alkaline Basic Lamprophyres |
46
|
| 2.2.2 Pegmatite Deposits (Syenite Pegmatites) |
48
|
| 2.2.3 Contact Metasomatic Deposits |
49
|
| Endoskarns in Marbles and Calciphyres |
49
|
| Micaceous Anorthosites in Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks |
57
|
| 2.2.4 Metamorphic Deposits |
61
|
| 2.2.5 Placer Deposits |
61
|
| 3. Beryl |
71
|
| 3.1 General |
71
|
| 3.2 Emerald |
73
|
| 3.2.1 General |
73
|
| 3.2.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
77
|
| 3.2.2.1 Pegmatite Deposits |
77
|
| 3.2.2.2 Greisen Deposits |
79
|
| Ultramafic Greisens |
80
|
| Carbonate-Black Shale Greisens |
95
|
| 3.2.2.3 Hydrothermal Deposits |
96
|
| 3.2.2.4 Placer Deposits |
102
|
| 3.3 Aquamarine and Other Jewelry Beryls |
102
|
| 3.3.1 General |
102
|
| 3.3.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
105
|
| 3.3.2.1 Pegmatite Deposits |
105
|
| Miarolitic Granite Pegmatites |
105
|
| Microcline-Beryl-Muscovite Vugless Pegmatites |
114
|
| 3.3.2.2 Greisen Deposits |
114
|
| 3.3.2.3 Post-Volcanic Exhalative-Hydrothermal Deposits |
118
|
| 3.3.2.4 Placer Deposits |
119
|
| 4. Precious Opal |
120
|
| 4.1 General |
120
|
| 4.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
124
|
| 4.2.1 Hydrothermal Post-Volcanic Deposits |
124
|
| 4.2.2 Supergene Deposits |
128
|
| 5. Topaz |
132
|
| 5.1 General |
132
|
| 5.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
135
|
| 5.2.1 Pegmatite Deposits |
135
|
| 5.2.2 Greisen Deposits |
145
|
| 5.2.3 Hydrothermal Deposits |
145
|
| Post-Intrusive Plutonogenic Deposits |
145
|
| Post-Volcanic Exhalation Hydrothermal Deposits |
147
|
| 5.2.4 Placer Deposits |
149
|
| 6. Tourmaline |
151
|
| 6.1 General |
151
|
| 6.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
154
|
| 6.2.1 Pegmatite Deposits |
154
|
| 6.2.2 Contact Metasomatic Deposits |
171
|
| 6.2.3 Metamorphic Deposits |
172
|
| 6.2.4 Placer Deposits |
172
|
| 7. Spinel |
173
|
| 7.1 General |
173
|
| 7.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
175
|
| 7.2.1 Magnesian Skarn Deposits |
175
|
| 7.2.2 Placer Deposits |
180
|
| 8. Garnet |
181
|
| 8.1 General |
181
|
| 8.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
186
|
| 8.2.1 Magmatic Deposits |
186
|
| Kimberlites |
186
|
| Basaltic Eruptive Breccias |
191
|
| Felsic and Intermediate Extrusive Rocks |
193
|
| 8.2.2 Pegmatite Deposits |
194
|
| 8.2.3 Contact Metasomatic Deposits |
195
|
| Exo- and Endoskarns |
195
|
| Apogabbro Metasomatites |
196
|
| 8.2.4 Hydrothermal Deposits |
198
|
| Plutonic Deposits in Ultramafic Rocks |
199
|
| Post-Volcanic Deposits in Felsic Extrusions |
202
|
| 8.2.5 Metamorphic Deposits |
202
|
| 8.2.6 Placer Deposits |
204
|
| 9. Peridot (Chrysolite) |
208
|
| 9.1 General |
208
|
| 9.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
209
|
| 9.2.1 Magmatic Deposits |
209
|
| Kimberlites |
210
|
| Basalts and Alkaline Basaltoids |
212
|
| 9.2.2 Hydrothermal Deposits |
215
|
| Ultramafic Alkaline Massifs of the Central Type |
215
|
| Ultramafic Massifs of the Alpine Type |
218
|
| 9.2.3 Placer Deposits |
219
|
| 10. Amethyst |
221
|
| 10.1 General |
221
|
| 10.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
223
|
| 10.2.1 Pegmatite Deposits |
223
|
| 10.2.2 Iron-Ore Skarn Deposits |
225
|
| 10.2.3 Hydrothermal Deposits |
226
|
| Plutonogenic Deposits |
226
|
| Volcanogenic Deposits |
233
|
| Telethermal Deposits |
236
|
| 10.2.4 Placer Deposits |
236
|
| 11. Turquoise |
237
|
| 11.1 General |
237
|
| 11.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
240
|
| 11.2.1 Deposits in Magmatic Rocks |
240
|
| 11.2.2 Deposits in Sandy-Shale Rocks |
250
|
| 12. Amber |
255
|
| 12.1 General |
255
|
| 12.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
261
|
| 12.2.1 Biogenic-Sedimentary Deposits |
261
|
| 12.2.2 Placer Deposits |
262
|
| 13. Lazurite |
273
|
| 13.1 General |
273
|
| 13.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
276
|
| 13.2.1 Deposits in Magnesian Skarns |
276
|
| 13.2.2 Placer Deposits |
287
|
| 14. Jadeite |
288
|
| 14.1 General |
288
|
| 14.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
291
|
| 14.2.1 Contact Metasomatic Deposits in Ultramafic Rocks |
291
|
| 14.2.2 Placer Deposits |
302
|
| 15. Nephrite |
303
|
| 15.1 General |
303
|
| 15.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
306
|
| 15.2.1 Contact Metasomatic Deposits |
306
|
| Deposits in Serpentinized Ultramafic Rocks |
307
|
| Deposits in Magnesian Skarns |
319
|
| 15.2.2 Placer Deposits |
323
|
| 16. Charoite |
326
|
| 16.1 General |
326
|
| 16.2 Geology and Genesis of the Sirenevy Kamen Deposit |
327
|
| 17. Malachite |
333
|
| 17.1 General |
333
|
| 17.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
335
|
| 17.2.1 Deposits in Oxidized Zones of Copper Sulfide Ores in Carbonate-bearing Rocks |
335
|
| 17.2.2 Placer Deposits |
343
|
| 18. Chalcedony |
345
|
| 18.1 General |
345
|
| 18.1.1 Agate |
347
|
| 18.1.2 Carneol, Carnelian, and Sard |
350
|
| 18.1.3 Chrysoprase |
351
|
| 18.1.4 Other Decorative Varieties |
353
|
| 18.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
355
|
| 18.2.1 Post-Volcanic Hydrothermal Deposits |
355
|
| Chalcedony deposits in basic and intermediate volcanogenic rocks |
355
|
| Agate deposits in silicic volcanogenic rocks |
367
|
| 18.2.2 Diagenetic and Catagenic Deposits |
370
|
| 18.2.3 Deposits in Weathered Crusts |
373
|
| Chrysoprase deposits in nickel-bearing weathered crusts on ultramafic rocks |
373
|
| Cacholong deposits in weathered crusts |
377
|
| 18.2.4 Placer Deposits |
377
|
| Eluvial and eluvial-deluvial placer deposits |
377
|
| Agate-bearing conglomerates |
378
|
| Alluvial placer deposits |
379
|
| Shoreline placer deposits |
382
|
| 19. Rhodonite |
383
|
| 19.1 General |
383
|
| 19.2 Geological Genetic Types of Deposits |
386
|
| 19.2.1 Deposits in Calcic Skarns |
386
|
| 19.2.2 Hydrothermal Deposits |
388
|
| 19.2.3 Metamorphic Deposits |
389
|
| 19.2.4 Placer Deposits |
398
|
| 20. Economic-Geological Types of Gemstone Deposits and the Principal Regularities in their Spatial Distribution |
400
|
| Magmatic deposits |
401
|
| Pegmatites |
401
|
| Gemstone deposits in ultramafic rocks |
406
|
| Magnesian skarns |
407
|
| Hydrothermal deposits |
408
|
| Metamorphogenic deposits |
408
|
| Weathered crusts |
408
|
| Placer deposits |
409
|
| Abbreviations |
414
|
| Reference |
415
|
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