Roadside Geology of Minnesota
by Richard W. Ojakangas
Roadside Geology of Minnesota
|
|
| Introduction |
1
|
| Understanding the Earth |
5
|
| Plate Tectonics |
5
|
| Archean Time |
8
|
| Early Proterozoic Time |
10
|
| Iron-Formations |
13
|
| Middle to Late Proterozoic Time |
15
|
| Midcontinent Rift System |
15
|
| Paleozoic Time |
18
|
| Mesozoic Time |
20
|
| Tertiary Time (Paleogene-Neogene) |
21
|
| Pleistocene Time |
22
|
| Glacial Deposits |
25
|
| Glacial Lakes and Glacial Rivers |
29
|
| Holocene Time |
30
|
| Land of 10,000 Lakes |
31
|
| Peatlands |
31
|
| Vegetation Changes |
34
|
| Continental Divides, Rivers, and Drainage Basins |
36
|
| Northeastern Minnesota |
39
|
| Glacial Geology |
39
|
| Bedrock Geology |
40
|
| Vermilion District |
40
|
| Animikie Basin and Iron-Formation |
41
|
| Duluth Complex and North Shore Volcanic Group |
44
|
| ROAD GUIDES |
47
|
| Duluth |
47
|
| Interstate 35: Duluth - Twin Cities |
56
|
| US 2: Duluth - Grand Rapids |
66
|
| US 53: Duluth - International Falls |
71
|
| US 169: Twin Cities - Grand Rapids |
93
|
| US 169/Minnesota 169: Grand Rapids - Ely |
96
|
| Minnesota 1: Illgen City - Ely |
114
|
| Minnesota 11: International Falls - Voyageurs National Park |
116
|
| Minnesota 23: Duluth - St. Cloud |
121
|
| Minnesota 38: Grand Rapids - Effie |
124
|
| Minnesota 61: Duluth - Canadian Border |
128
|
| Minnesota 210: Fond du Lac - Brainerd |
157
|
| Vermilion Trail (County Road 4 and Minnesota 135): Duluth - Biwabik - Tower |
167
|
| Gunflint Trail (County Road 12): Grand Marais - Trails End Campground |
170
|
| Echo Trail (County Roads 88 and 116): Ely - Echo Lake |
180
|
| National Forest Highway 11 (County Roads 15, 16, and 110): Silver Bay - Hoyt Lakes |
186
|
| Northwestern and Central Minnesota |
191
|
| Glacial Geology |
191
|
| Bedrock Geology |
194
|
| ROAD GUIDES |
196
|
| Interstate 94: Twin Cities - Moorhead |
196
|
| US 2: Grand Rapids - East Grand Forks |
200
|
| US 10: Twin Cities - Moorhead |
204
|
| US 12: Twin Cities - Ortonville |
207
|
| US 59: Canadian Border - Erskine |
208
|
| US 71: International Falls - Morton |
209
|
| US 75: Canadian Border - Ortonville |
214
|
| Minnesota 9: Breckenridge - New London |
215
|
| Minnesota 11: International Falls - Karlstad |
216
|
| Minnesota 23: St. Cloud - Granite Falls |
226
|
| Minnesota 28: Sauk Centre - Browns Valley |
228
|
| Minnesota 72: Blackduck - Baudette |
232
|
| Minnesota 210: Brainerd - Breckenridge |
233
|
| Minnesota 371: Brainerd - Little Falls |
237
|
| Southwestern Minnesota |
239
|
| Glacial Geology |
239
|
| Bedrock Geology |
242
|
| ROAD GUIDES |
245
|
| Interstate 90: South Dakota Border - Fairmont |
245
|
| US 14: New Ulm - South Dakota Border |
247
|
| US 71: Morton - Jackson |
248
|
| US 75: Ortonville - Interstate 90 |
251
|
| Minnesota 23: Granite Falls - Interstate 90 |
257
|
| Southeastern Minnesota |
265
|
| Glacial Geology |
265
|
| Bedrock Geology |
267
|
| St. Peter Sandstone |
272
|
| Deicke K-Bentonite |
272
|
| Sinkholes and Caves |
274
|
| ROAD GUIDES |
277
|
| Twin Cities |
277
|
| Interstate 35: Twin Cities - Iowa Border |
284
|
| Interstate 90: Fairmont - La Crosse, Wisconsin |
287
|
| US 14: Winona - New Ulm |
290
|
| US 52: Twin Cities - Iowa Border |
292
|
| US 61: St. Paul - La Crescent |
299
|
| US 169: Twin Cities - Blue Earth |
310
|
| Minnesota 16: La Crescent - Dexter |
313
|
| Minnesota 95: Taylors Falls - Stillwater |
315
|
| Glossary |
323
|
| Additional Readings |
333
|
| References Cited |
335
|
| Index |
339
|
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