What Is the Northwest Passage?
The Northwest Passage is a sea route that connects the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In the past,
the Northwest Passage has been virtually impassable because it was
covered by thick, year-round sea ice. However, in the past few years, climate change is allowing commercial traffic to pass through the Arctic Ocean via this once impossible route.
The potential benefits of a clear Northwest Passage are significant. Ship
routes from Europe to eastern Asia would
be 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles) shorter. Alaskan oil could move
quickly by ship to ports in the eastern United States. The vast mineral
resources of the Canadian North will be much easier and
economical to develop and ship to market.
Arctic Sea Ice is Melting
There has been a progressive, year-by-year decline in the thickness and
extent of Arctic sea ice. The graph at right shows how the extent of Arctic sea ice
has been on a steady decline between 1979 and 2014.
NASA studies have shown that the extent of Arctic sea ice is declining
at a rate of several percent per decade. As the ice cover is removed, solar radiation
penetrates the water and warms it, instead of being reflected from the white ice.
Another factor that contributes to warming of the Arctic Ocean is the increase in discharge rates of rivers draining from Eurasia.
These fresh water rivers now receive increasing runoff from melting glaciers. This
runoff is much warmer than the Arctic Ocean water. The net result is a slight warming
of the Arctic Ocean waters and a dilution of salinity.
Northwest Passage Map
The map at top right shows possible routes through the Northwest Passage.
Ships traveling west would enter the Passage through Baffin Bay,
pass through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago by various routes, exit
into the Beaufort Sea and then out into the Pacific Ocean through the
Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea.
During the past few years, satellite images taken near the end of the Arctic summer
often show that large portions of the Passage are relatively ice free.
In September, satellite images show that the Arctic Ocean has been clear enough
to sail straight through the Northwest Passage.
(Related: Arctic Ocean Features Map)
Early History of the Northwest Passage
The economic value of a short route connecting the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans was appreciated early. The Spanish referred to this
route as the "Straight of Anián," and Francisco de Ulloa started
searching the Baja California peninsula area for it in 1539. English explorers,
including Martin Frobisher, John Davis, and Henry Hudson searched for it from
the Atlantic side in the late 1500s and early 1600s. These expeditions were
unsuccessful.
Explorations continued through the 1600s and 1700s without success.
Then in 1849 Robert McClure passed through the Bering Strait with the
intent of sailing through to the Atlantic. His ship was trapped in the
ice not far from making it to Viscount Melville Sound and probable passage
to the Atlantic. Finally, after spending three winters on the ice and dying
of starvation, McClure and crew were rescued by a sledge party from one
of Sir Edward Belcher's ships and transported by sledge to the Sound. McClure
and his crew became the first to survive a trip through the Northwest Passage.
Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his crew were the first to cross the Northwest
Passage entirely by sea in 1906. Although the crossing was an important "first," it
had little economic value because the journey took three years and used waters that
were too shallow for commercial shipping. The first single-season trip through the
passage was by Henry Larsen and crew in 1944. Again, the route taken was not
deep enough for commercial shipping.
First Deep Draft & Commercial Vessel Crossing
In 1957, three United States Coast Guard Cutters - Storis,
Bramble, and SPAR - became the first ships to cross the Northwest
Passage along a deep draft route.
They covered the 4,500 miles of semi-charted water in 64 days.
The first ship capable of carrying significant cargo to traverse the
Passage was the SS Manhattan, a specially reinforced supertanker, in 1969.
It was accompanied by the John A. MacDonald, a Canadian icebreaker.
This trip was taken to test the Northwest Passage as an alternative
to building the Alaska Pipeline. At that time, it was determined that the
Northwest Passage was not economical, and the Alaska Pipeline was built.
International Waters or Canadian Waters?
All routes through the Northwest Passage pass between the islands
of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. On that basis, Canada claims the
route as "Canadian Internal Waters." However, the United States military
has sent ships and submarines through the Passage without notification to
Canada based upon the philosophy that the Passage is an International Water. This is one of many issues in the "who owns the Arctic Ocean?" question.
Future of the Northwest Passage
Commercial use of the Northwest Passage might be a very tiny benefit
of climate change. Billions of dollars in transportation costs could be saved
each year if the passage remains open and reliable for a few months of the year. There will also be time and energy savings. Canada has the most to gain
should the Northwest Passage
become a viable shipping route. This will facilitate Canada's development of
northern lands and provide an important economic and military
possession if their claim to control is upheld.
Contributor: Hobart King
Find it on Geology.com
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| Red lines are possible routes for traversing the Northwest Passage. Geology.com/MapResources. Click to Enlarge Image |
| Time series graph of the average monthly Arctic sea ice extent in millions of square kilometers.
The average January ice extent for 1979 to 2014 shows a decline of 3.2% per decade.
Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center. |
| Satellite image of the Northwest Passage and Canadian Arctic Archipelago acquired on September 3, 2009. Image credit NASA / Earth Observatory. Click to Enlarge Image |
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